A new series in the European Respiratory Review (ERR) explores the role of sex- and gender-related factors in respiratory physiology and lung health, and across respiratory diseases. The terms "sex" and "gender" are often used interchangeably but incorrectly in the scientific literature: they mean different things. Sex is a biological attribute associated with physical and physiological features determined by chromosomes, hormones, anatomy and gene expression. Gender is a sociocultural construct based on expressions of identity, behaviours and social roles. The main purpose of this series is to review our understanding, to date, of the role of sex and gender in differences in pulmonary health and disease. Read the introductory editorial or browse the ERR.
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